66, 225–250 Granger causality techniques. ![]() 70, 99–126 threshold cointegration and the Toda and Yamamoto (1995). To this end, this paper examines the causal dynamics among energy use, real GDP and CO 2 emissions in the presence of regime shifts in six emerging African economies using the Gregory and Hansen (1996a). Further, these economies are constantly being shaped by series of structural reforms with direct and indirect effects on growth, demand for energy, etc. Rising growth in these economies is associated with surging demand for energy to propel the engines of growth, with direct implications on emissions into the atmosphere. A significant number of these emerging economies are in Africa. Following the recent global economic downturn, attention has gradually shifted towards emerging economies which have experienced robust growth amidst sluggish growth of the world economy.
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